Neurofeedback is a form of therapy that uses real-time feedback to train individuals to modify their brainwave activity. It has been used to treat a variety of conditions. Here are five conditions that neurofeedback has been shown to be helpful for:
- Anxiety disorders: A study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychology found that neurofeedback was effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD).
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis of 13 studies found that neurofeedback was an effective treatment for ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents.
- Depression: A study published in the Journal of Neurotherapy found that neurofeedback was effective in reducing symptoms of depression in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD).
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A study published in the Journal of Traumatic Stress found that neurofeedback was effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD in military veterans.
- Insomnia: A study published in the journal Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback found that neurofeedback was effective in improving sleep quality and reducing insomnia symptoms in individuals with chronic insomnia.
Sources:
- Hammond, D. C. (2005). Neurofeedback treatment of depression and anxiety. Journal of Adult Development, 12(2-3), 131-138.
- Arns, M., de Ridder, S., Strehl, U., Breteler, M., & Coenen, A. (2009). Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: The effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: A meta-analysis. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 40(3), 180-189.
- Ros, T., Enriquez-Geppert, S., Zotev, V., Young, K. D., Wood, G., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., … & Cohen, D. (2019). Consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive-behavioural neurofeedback studies (CRED-nf checklist). Brain, 142(6), 1559-1565.
- Linden, D. E., Habes, I., Johnston, S. J., Linden, S., Tatineni, R., Subramanian, L., & Sorger, B. (2012). Real-time self-regulation of emotion networks in patients with depression. PloS one, 7(6), e38115.
- Kluetsch, R. C., Ros, T., Théberge, J., Frewen, P. A., Calhoun, V. D., Schmahl, C., & Lanius, R. A. (2014). Plastic modulation of PTSD resting-state networks and subjective wellbeing by EEG neurofeedback. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130(2), 123-136.
- Hoedlmoser, K., Pecherstorfer, T., Gruber, G., Anderer, P., Doppelmayr, M., & Klimesch, W. (2008). Instrumental conditioning of human sensorimotor rhythm (12-15 Hz) and its impact on sleep as well as declarative learning. Sleep, 31(10), 1401-1408.
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